REKONSTRUKSI HUKUM DAGANG DIGITAL DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS KESENJANGAN PENGATURAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK DAN KECERDASAN BUATAN BERBASIS LAYERED RESPONSIBILITY
Abstract
The rapid development of digital technology and artificial intelligence has fundamentally challenged the relevance of Indonesia's commercial law framework, particularly the Commercial Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang/KUHD) enacted in 1847. This normative legal research, employing statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches, examines whether the KUHD remains adequate to address contemporary e-commerce transactions and AI-driven commercial activities. The study reveals significant normative gaps in four critical areas: (1) lack of explicit regulation for click-wrap/browse-wrap agreements and digital contracts; (2) absence of legal framework for AI accountability and liability distribution; (3) regulatory fragmentation between KUHD, Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE), and sectoral regulations; and (4) jurisprudential vacuum—no Indonesian court decisions specifically address AI liability in commercial disputes as of Q1 2025. Using Legal Gap Analysis and Legal Uncertainty Index (LUI < 5), the study demonstrates that while KUHD retains formal validity and foundational principles, it is substantively inadequate for digital commerce. The research proposes a comprehensive National Digital Commercial Law Act incorporating explicit regulations on e-contracts, AI governance with layered responsibility, and international harmonization aligned with UNCITRAL Model Law and EU AI Act principles. This paper contributes to urgent legal reform needed to ensure Indonesia's commercial law framework supports digital innovation while protecting business certainty and consumer welfare in the global digital economy.
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