Sistem Telemetri IoT Berbasis GSM dan Panel Surya untuk Pemantauan Titik Panas Gambut dengan Algoritma Duty Cycling Adaptif
Keywords:
kebakaran gambut, telemetri GSM, tenaga surya, duty cycle adaptif, pemantauan titik panasAbstract
Kebakaran lahan gambut di Indonesia, khususnya di Kalimantan dan Sumatera, menimbulkan ancaman lingkungan dan ekonomi yang serius, namun deteksi dini masih terkendala oleh terbatasnya jangkauan seluler dan pasokan listrik yang tidak andal di area hutan terpencil. Penelitian ini mengembangkan purwarupa telemetri IoT berbasis GSM bertenaga surya untuk pemantauan titik panas gambut, yang mengintegrasikan sensor gas MQ-2, sensor suhu-kelembapan DHT22, mikrokontroler Arduino Uno, dan modul GSM SIM800L. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada algoritma adaptive duty cycling yang menyesuaikan interval pengambilan sampel dan transmisi berdasarkan stabilitas lingkungan, sehingga mengurangi konsumsi daya rata-rata sekaligus mempertahankan responsivitas deteksi pada periode kritis. Purwarupa diuji pada tiga kondisi: ambient normal, asap gambut membara, dan api terbuka. Hasil menunjukkan latensi deteksi 9,2 detik untuk asap gambut dan 5,1 detik untuk api terbuka, dengan konsumsi energi harian rata-rata 28,4 Wh. Panel surya 20 Wp dan baterai 12V 7Ah memberikan otonomi 41 jam tanpa input surya, memastikan operasi berkelanjutan selama periode mendung. Adaptive duty cycling menurunkan konsumsi energi sebesar 34,7% dibandingkan operasi kontinu dengan tetap mempertahankan rasio pengiriman data 96,4% melalui GSM. Purwarupa ini menawarkan solusi telemetri yang hemat biaya dan mandiri energi untuk peringatan dini kebakaran gambut di hutan Indonesia yang berada di luar jangkauan jaringan listrik.
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